They concluded that PCE should not be directly applied for cardiovascular risk prediction in Korean population. Contrastingly, KRPM provided an accurate prediction of actual ASCVD events in the KHS cohort. In their study, PCE for non-Hispanic whites overestimated the 10-year ASCVD risk by 56.5% in men but underestimated the risk by 27.9% in women. examined the performance of PCE in the Korean Heart Study (KHS) cohort and developed a Korean Risk Prediction Model (KRPM) for ASCVD. They suggested that it is absolutely needed to develop and validate a tool to estimate cardiovascular risk in Koreans. The committee formulating the Korean guidelines for management of dyslipidemia mentioned that it is not appropriate to quote the risk equations developed in Western population as mortality from coronary heart disease in Korea is among the lowest worldwide. The Japan Atherosclerosis Society commented that it is not necessary to change their guidelines because applying PCE to Asian population can overestimate the risk. Since the release of the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines, it has been argued whether the new guidelines and PCE are applicable for Asian population including Koreans. They recommended that PCE for non-Hispanic whites may be considered for risk estimation in populations other than non-Hispanic African Americans and non-Hispanic whites, although the risk may be overestimated for Hispanic and Asian population. In 2013, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) reported the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) to estimate the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) for non-Hispanic African-Americans and non-Hispanic whites aged 40вЂ“79 years. Since the FRS was developed from the Framingham cohort, an exclusively white US population, it overestimated cardiovascular risk in cohorts with low background risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), for example, cohorts in Europe and Asia.

The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is the first equation for risk prediction, which was adopted by the Adult Treatment Panel III and has been widely used worldwide. Numerous equations have been developed and validated to estimate cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk prediction is a key element in identifying high-risk individuals, for planning preventive interventions.

Framingham risk score guidelines